Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive accumulation of specific proteins in various regions of the brain, including alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) inclusions, tau neurofibrillary tangles, TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP43) inclusions, and amyloid plaques, accompanied by neuronal loss, vascular lesions, and gliosis. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is neurodegenerative disease.