MTOR and renal fibrosis: In the in vitro and in vivo experiments of DKD, Fucoidan has excellent ability to regulate AMPK/mTOR pathway, which can be targeted to inhibit the accumulation of ECM and GBM to alleviate renal fibrosis, and also inhibit the activation of NLRP3 and reduce podocyte pyroptosis (Wang et al. 2022a).