HMOX1 and diabetic kidney disease: This section explores the use of NPs to target pyroptosis for the treatment of DKD, mainly involving the NLRP3 inflammasome and some antioxidant factors such as TXNIP, Nrf2 and HO-1, as well as the influence of the crosstalk between pyroptosis and ferroptosis, autophagy nutrient sensing pathways under the influence of NPs.