ACTA1 and diabetic kidney disease: In HG-cultured mesangial cells (HBZY-1 cells), Osthole reduces TGF-β1/Smads expression, inhibits inflammatory factors and α-SMA protein levels (a direct reflection of renal fibrosis degree), increases SOD and GSH levels, and subsequently reduces apoptosis, thus alleviating glomerular volume increase and mesangial matrix proliferation in DKD rats (Li et al. 2024).