Our findings revealed that among known ferroptosis inhibitory genes, ACSL3 was significantly upregulated in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group of CCA patients in the GSE89749 cohort, as well as in two independent cohorts, OEP001105 and E-MTAB-6389 (Fig. 1a). This evidence concerns the gene ACSL3 and cholangiocarcinoma.