Our results in primary, patient-derived hLF showing miR-9 in the cell nucleus of IPF hLF, whereas in Ctrl hLF the majority of miR-9 was in the cytosol, suggest a translocation mechanism of miR-9 into the cell nucleus that is related to IPF, which in turn is linked to TGFB1 signaling37. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.