CD4 and neoplasm: Results showed CD4+ T-cell–dominant responses and effective ex vivo tumor killing, as well as long-lived tumor-specific memory T-cell formation and a durable clinical response in some patients (Table 2).37 These data support further investigation into targeting shared nonmutated antigens with vaccines optimized to overcome central immune tolerance and induce strong tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses for improved clinical efficacy.