Early trials at the Surgery Branch of the National Cancer Institute using a class I MHC-restricted peptide, gp100209–217(210M), induced highly levels of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses but failed to prevent melanoma tumor recurrence.15 In a multicenter, randomized phase III trial, a vaccine comprised of this gp100 peptide emulsified in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) plus systemic high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) versus high-dose IL-2 monotherapy was tested in patients with advanced melanoma. This evidence concerns the gene PMEL and melanoma.