CD4 and neoplasm: The study showed improved OS with ICI monotherapy compared with the vaccine and no benefit with combination therapy compared to ICI monotherapy (Table 1).17 This lack of benefit when combined with ICI therapy reduced enthusiasm for vaccines targeting TAAs; however, this trial used a vaccine against only two class I MHC-restricted peptides derived from gp100 without enhancing tumor-cognate CD4+ T-cell responses.