In tumor types of BRCA, CRC, HNSC, CESC, GIST, KIRC, LUSC and OVCA (Figures 14H, I; Supplementary Figures S4A–F), hub gene JAK1 solidly exhibited positive correlations with the abundance of malignant cells across eight cancer types, while expressing higher in malignant areas than in normal areas in multiple spatial transcriptomics slides, indicating the underlying oncogenic role of JAK1. Here, JAK1 is linked to gastrointestinal stromal tumor.