INS and diabetes mellitus: Over the past several decades, tremendous advances in diabetes therapies and technologies such as insulin and insulin analogs [2, 3], continuous glucose monitors (CGM) [4], point of care testing of blood glucose, and HbA1c, in-home blood glucose monitors, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), or insulin pumps [5, 6], sensor augmented pump (SAP), and automated insulin delivery (AID) systems [7-9] have led to improvements in glycemic control and have reduced the incidence of severe hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and longer term diabetes-related complications.