Early studies mainly focused on the role of BIRC5 in individual cancer types, particularly in breast cancer (BRCA), gastric cancer (STAD), and liver cancer (LIHC), where BIRC5 overexpression was generally found to be closely associated with poor prognosis (Martínez-Sifuentes et al., 2022; Guo and Guo, 2024; Yang et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene BIRC5 and cancer.