PNPLA3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Several studies have shown that Caucasians with a genetic predisposition to MASLD predominantly express the PNPLA3, GCKR, and PPP1R3B genes (Oddy et al., 2013), while East Asians are characterized primarily by polymorphisms in the APOC3 gene (Hsu and Kao, 2012).