IFNG and periodontitis: T cells are among the most abundant cells in healthy and diseased periodontal tissues.56 In patients with periodontitis, the balance between Th17 cells and Tregs in the peripheral blood is disrupted, resulting in increased inflammation and alleviated tissue damage.44 MSC-EVs have considerable potential in the modulation of immune responses, particularly in the induction of Tregs and reduction of T-cell proliferation as well as related interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release.57 MSC-EVs directly influence T-cell activation and differentiation by expressing specific proteins at elevated levels.