Although there was no significant difference in numbers of CD8+ T cells producing TNF-α, there was a significant increase in numbers of CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ and granzyme B. Overall, we found a higher ratio of CD8+ T cells to regulatory T cells, predicting better clinical outcomes in cancer patients, with Hes1 deficiency, with an accompanying reduction in tumor size (Fig. 7D and Figure S10B). Here, GZMB is linked to neoplasm.