AGT and cardiovascular disorder: Although no clinical trials currently validate its efficacy in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease, preclinical studies demonstrate its benefits, including inhibiting foam cell formation in vascular walls [42], reducing vascular smooth muscle cells migration and neointimal hyperplasia [43], suppressing reactive oxygen species generation [44], lowering angiotensin converting enzyme-1, and angiotensin II levels in myocardial tissue [45], and reducing ischemic and I/R-injured areas [46].