When tested in our NMIBC model, and with the same treatment schedule, we found VB-85247 to be superior to intravesical BCG or systemic anti-PD-1 therapy in terms of tumor control and survival, indicating the potential utility of VB-85247 in the treatment of BCG or anti-PD-1–unresponsive patients. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.