CD274 and cancer: The use of anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) check point inhibitors is rising as a novel treatment in high-risk NMIBCdue to limited efficacy of BCG therapy.15 Despite promising preliminary results, the response to these check point inhibitors varies among patients.16,17 While assessment of PD-L1 expression is valuable for patient stratification in certain cancers, its usefulness in BLCA is a matter of debate,18 especially in NMIBC.19,20 Besides, not only tumor cells but other TME subsets express PD-L1, which may have an impact on therapy response and prognosis.21