TLR4 and interstitial cystitis: Intrathecal injection of MSC-EVs may alleviate suprapubic mechanical anomalous pain and urinary frequency in rats with interstitial cystitis by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, suppressing the activation of neuroglia and attenuating neuroinflammation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord[133].