In a study by Zhu et al., overexpression of PFN2 was found to promote EMT in urethral epithelial cells through activation of the Smad/TGF-β1 pathway, suggesting that the significantly downregulated PFN2 in hypospadias may inhibit EMT by suppressing the expression of Smad2/3 and TGF-β1 (40). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is hypospadias.