CD4 and coinfection: Thus, several studies have shown that a lot of factors are positively associated with virological treatment failure including poor adherence to treatment [9, 10,  12,  13,  19], low baseline CD4 count [8, 10,  19,  20], younger age [9, 10,  12,  19], longer time on ART [19], male gender [3], advanced World Health Organization (WHO) staging [10], lower current CD4 count [19] and TB/HIV co-infection [7].