AKT1 and cancer: Given that AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways are involved in the anti-tumorigenic activity of ASP in cancer (Zhang et al., 2023; Li et al., 2023; Liang et al., 2022), the effect of ASP on the AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways in EC cells was detected by Western blotting using phosphorylated AMPK, AKT, p42/44, and S6 antibodies.