CD8A and neoplasm: IL-12 has multiple effector functions that bridge innate and adaptive immune responses in cancer (4) to a) induce the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to become Th1 cells (5), b) increase the activation and cytotoxic capacities of CD8+ T and NK cells by promoting the expression of cytotoxic mediators and cytokines, especially interferon gamma (IFNγ), c) inhibit the differentiation of Treg cells, and d) inhibit or reprogram immunosuppressive cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (6).