Recent studies have shown, both in vitro and in vivo, that TA exerts antitumor functions by regulating mROS expression or promoting TRAIL-induced extrinsic apoptosis; it is also an inhibitor of CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha)/CXCR4 and decreases cancer stem cell formation (43, –, 45). The gene discussed is CXCL12; the disease is cancer.