Previous studies have shown via MRI that lipid-coated SPIO nanoparticles conjugated with anti-PD-L1 antibodies can be used to detect PD-L1 expression in glioblastomas or temozolomide-resistant glioblastomas, demonstrating that PD-L1-SPIO can specifically target PD-L1-expressing temozolomide-resistant glioblastomas in the brain (Lee et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and glioblastoma.