In end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), elevated plasma levels of complement factor D, Ba, and cytokines such as interleukins: IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18 and TNF-alpha as well as leptin, resistin and visfatin) define the uremic syndrome and contribute to the pro-inflammatory status of uremia (55–57), (58). This evidence concerns the gene RETN and uremia.