MYD88 and infection: As the first and best characterized PRRs, toll‐like receptors (TLRs) can recognize various PAMPs and trigger the signaling pathways that activate immune cells in response to pathogen infection via two primary pathways, that is, the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)‐dependent and the MyD88‐independent pathways (Akira, Uematsu, and Takeuchi 2006; Jenkins and Mansell 2010; Takeuchi and Akira 2010; Zhang et al. 2014).