The synergistic effect between ES and Cu not only evokes cancer cell cuproptosis leading to DAMPs release that facilitates DC cell maturation and augments CD8+ T cell infiltration but also transforms immune “cold tumors” into “hot tumors.” Additionally, NP@ESCu notably enhances PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, remarkably improving the response rate of anti-PD-L1 therapy, thus enabling synergy between cuproptosis induction and immunotherapy for an enhanced anti-tumor effect (Guo B. et al., 2023). Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.