Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was used to measure enrichment of these pathways in individual lupus participants and cell subsets, and IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IFN-α pathways were transcriptionally enriched in lupus naive, AcTfh, and cTfh cell subsets (Figure 3, E and F, and Supplemental Figure 3B). Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.