TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Many genes contained in the Hallmark IFN-α response and Hallmark TNF-α signaling pathways, including IFI27, IFI44, RELB, KLF6, and CD83, had significantly higher expression in lupus: We verified transcriptional changes in the naive compartment by quantitative PCR (qPCR) (Supplemental Figure 3A).