Interestingly, as shown in Supplemental Figure 11, K–N, oral administration of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus significantly restricted colitis development in both Nedd4lfl/fl VillinCre mice and Nedd4lfl/fl mice, characterized by a lower degree of the inflammatory syndrome and stronger mucus secretion ability compared with DSS-treated single-housed Nedd4lfl/fl VillinCre mice without bacteria gavage, indicating that the intestinal microbiota was involved in NEDD4L-regulated colitis, particularly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. This evidence concerns the gene NEDD4L and colitis.