After adjusting for the false discovery rate (FDR), we confirmed 10 more robust causal associations (Table 3), including: urate as a protective factor for NSCLC; SCLC increasing blood creatinine levels, decreasing eGFR, increasing cystatin C levels, and increasing HbA1c levels; NSCLC decreasing albumin levels; LSCC decreasing eGFR and increasing blood creatinine cystatin C levels; and LADC increasing ALP levels. Here, ALB is linked to small cell lung carcinoma.