INS and cancer: Mice with genetic ablation of GH production, such as the hypopituitary pou1f1 mutant (Snell dwarf) or ablation of GHR, such as the ghr KO mouse, are dwarves with reduced circulating INS and IGF1 levels, low rates of lethal cancer, altered carbohydrate metabolism, increased INS sensitivity, and significant lifespan extension (Flurkey et al., 2001; Coschigano et al., 2003; Anisimov and Bartke, 2013).