In addition, important independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 were male sex, DBP > 90 mmHg, increased white blood cell (WBC, >10 × 109 /L), blood glucose (>6.1 mmol/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, >40 U/L), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, >245 U/L), creatinine (Cr, >133 μmol/L), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, >7.1 mmol/L) levels, and increased prothrombin time (PT, > 16 s) as well as hyponatremia, hypokalemia, ARDS, shock, solid tumors, hematological tumors, and insulin use (Fig. 3A). Here, INS is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.