Despite in vitro culture for 10 passages prior to polarization at an ALI, genes associated with inflammation remained upregulated in CF PDEs, including the inflammasome-associated PYCARD (Log2FC = 5.62, p = 2.28E−08)42 and activator of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) signaling in pancreatic cancer VRK2 (Log2FC = 2.25, p = 8.6E−04)43 (Table S1A). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and familial pancreatic carcinoma.