Previous evidence suggested that PD‐1+CD8+ Tex‐int cells were tumor antigen‐specific T cells and enhanced the response to PD‐1 blockade in NSCLC, ESCC, and HCC.[14, 18] Therefore, we hypothesized that HAIC therapy synergized with PD‐1 blockade through increasing the tumor infiltration of PD‐1+CD8+ Tex‐int cells. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.