VCAM1 and chronic kidney disease: In CKD patients, IAA levels correlate with the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde [130], and serum levels of indolic toxins are positively associated with the levels of inflammatory markers such as IL-6, TNFα, CRP, and MCP-1 [130,131,132,133], as well as the endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 [134], both before and after starting dialysis treatment.