VCAM1 and chronic kidney disease: p-Cresyl sulfate increases the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors MCP-1 and TNFα in endothelial cells and monocytes [112], and it upregulates the expression of the endothelial adhesion molecules E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 [112], promoting leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium in vitro and in vivo and accelerating atherogenesis in ApoE−/− CKD mice [112].