TNF and chronic kidney disease: This systemic inflammation is revealed in patients with CKD by increased levels of the inflammatory markers high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), which correlate with the decrease in kidney function [2].