TP53 and cancer: Figure 3 illustrates various mutations of the p53 gene and their effects on its function and oncogenic activity, highlighting how TP53 gene mutations, which deactivate the wild-type p53 gene in 75% of cases, promote invasion, proliferation, survival, cancer progression, and metastasis by interacting with key molecular pathways such as mTOR inhibition, NF-κB activation, and induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition [116].