INS and retinal disorder: This may be mediated through several pathways: (1) nutritional deficiencies and the risk of malnutrition in people with type 2 diabetes [43,44]; (2) microvascular complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy [45,46]; (3) atherosclerosis and advanced glycation end products (AGE) [43,47], chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation [48,49,50], and poor glucose control and sensitivity to insulin.