CCL3 and cancer: In addition, CCL3 derived from both tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer cells contributes to the progression and poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by promoting cell migration and invasion via the binding of CCR5; the CCL3-CCR5 axis induces migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via the activation of Akt and ERK signaling pathways [29].