In this study, leukocyte IRS1 mRNA levels were markedly reduced in the GDM group (FC = 0.23; p = 0.046) and pGDM group (FC = 0.42; p = 0.030) compared to the NGT group; however, the magnitude of this decrease was greater in the GDM group, which was more insulin-resistant than the pGDM group. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.