These data thus suggest that quantitative changes in leukocyte PIK3R1 expression between the GDM and pGDM groups may be linked to alterations in the insulin-resistant states of both groups, although no significant correlations were found between the PIK3R1 levels and HOMA-IR values in the GDM and pGDM groups. The gene discussed is PIK3R1; the disease is gestational diabetes.