In keeping with this, alterations at several levels of the insulin-signaling cascade and in glucose transport have been identified in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle from insulin-controlled GDM patients in non-obese and obese cohorts, suggesting that both GDM and obesity can impact on components of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to impaired glucose transport in these tissues [6]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.