Given the fact that TSPO deficiency in hiPSC-derived neural cells was accompanied by reduced VDAC1 protein levels and led to mitochondrial alterations, altered TSPO and VDAC expression may affect mitochondrial function, neurotransmitter signalling, and neurosteroidogenesis, thereby contributing to the etiology of MDD pathogenesis. The gene discussed is VDAC1; the disease is major depressive disorder.