Remarkably, perturbation of the TIM-3/GAL-9 pathway has been observed in various cancers, with studies showing increased levels of TIM-3 and GAL-9 in cancers including Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), prostate cancer, NSCLC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), breast cancer, glioma, head and neck cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, and lung adenocarcinoma [174]. This evidence concerns the gene LGALS9 and central nervous system cancer.