TNF and staphylococcus aureus infection: In the AD_vs_AZF comparison group, a total of 337 DEGs were identified, including Il1b, Tnf, Tlr4, Tlr2, Cxcl1, etc. These genes were primarily enriched in signaling pathways such as cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, Toll-like receptors, IL-17, TNF, NF-κB, chemokines, NOD-like receptors, AMPK, B cell receptors, Th17, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and MAPK.