CD4 and lung carcinoma: An in vivo study of a Lewis lung cancer grafted mouse model by Xu et al. [116] found that C. sativa L. essential oil (HEO) significantly inhibited tumor growth; it also downregulated the levels of tumor inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, modified the immune organ index, and increased the numbers of immune-related CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio.