The observed lower expression levels of p65, NF-κB, STAT3, TNF-α, IL-6, janus kinase 2 (JAK2, which is involved in cytokine signalling), Slug (a regulatory transcription factor involved in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of cancer cells), Twist (a transcription factor implicated in cell differentiation and cancer metastasis), vimentin, MMP-2, MMP-9, and HMGB1 suggested that the inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and metastasis may occur via regulation of the HMGB1/NF-κB/STAT3 signalling pathway. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.