In a mouse model of MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease confirmed through histological examination, piperine treatment attenuated the MPTP-induced deficits in motor coordination and cognitive function, and it also prevented MPTP-induced reductions in the number of nigrostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells, while reducing the number of activated microglial cells, expression of the cytokine IL-1β, and oxidative stress [90]. Here, IL1B is linked to Parkinson disease.