PTGS2 and cancer: Figure 4 shows the anti-cancer potential associated with Hylocereus spp. For instance, betalains, which are abundant in dragon fruit, have been found to inhibit lipid peroxidation and suppress cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, key players in inflammation and cancer progression. By disrupting these pathways, betalains help prevent the growth of tumor cells [85]. Le et al. highlighted the role of phenolic compounds in enhancing dragon fruit’s antiproliferative activity, suggesting that these compounds are critical to its anti-cancer effects [25].