INS and gestational diabetes: Table 1 summarizes some of the studies that assessed different nutritional interventions in GDM. All of these studies take into consideration the usefulness of probiotics in managing aspects of metabolic health during pregnancy, especially concerning insulin levels and inflammatory markers. Although the mechanisms through which probiotics influence glucose metabolism remain largely unknown, it was suggested that probiotics can induce benefits by restoring correct microflora, as well as normalizing intestinal permeability and controlling pro-inflammatory mediator secretion [135].