TNF and Obesity: Baseline mean TNF-α concentrations of 1.8 ± 8.5 pg/mL in the study population were similar to median concentrations observed in subjects without (1.6 (1.2–2.1 pg/mL)) and with obesity (1.8 (1.4–2.2 pg/mL)) in a study of cytokine profiles by BMI in individuals who were matched for age and gender [64].