INS and Insulin resistance: Improvements in fasting glucose levels and insulin resistance in response to omega-3 have also been associated with an increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), mainly subunits α and γ, and of downstream proteins of the insulin signaling pathway, including the insulin receptor, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and, finally, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) [40].