IFNG and neoplasm: VDA decreased proliferation and migration of CAFs and reduced the release of their pro-tumorigenic factors, such as prostaglandin E2, IL-6, periostin, and leukemia inhibitory factor. However, it promoted upregulation of PD-L1 in CAFs. VDA reduced activation and production of IFN-γ, granzyme B, and IL-17 by T cells, in an additive manner with CAFs.VDA inhibited tumor-inflitrating lymphocytes in PC model.