INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In T1D, while alternative splicing and RNA editing were shown to alter the beta cell translatome [57], neoantigens have been identified through the production of defective ribosomal insulin products (DRiPs), alternatively spliced proteins, hybrid fusion peptides (fusion of insulin fragments with chromogranin A or IAPP), and post-translationally modified proteins (citrullinated Grp78 and IAPP) [58].