TNF and gingivitis: From data reported in the literature, it became clear that the inflammatory process of gingivitis is accompanied by the presence of high concentrations of several pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and interferon (IFN)-γ) [98] and that, by inhibiting said inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-α and IL-1), an attenuated inflammatory response was observed [102].