CD38 and infection: To determine the effects of the CD38 inhibitor (78c) on the levels of CD38, NAD+, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in murine BMMs with or without infection by oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) or stimulation by AGEs, murine BMMs were treated with vehicle (diluted DMSO) or 78c (1.25 μM to 10 μM), and were either unstimulated, infected with oral bacterial pathogen Pg or Aa (MOI 20), or stimulated with AGEs (10 μg/mL) for 24 h.